The new G?ndh?r? manuscript finds from Afghanistan and Pakistan, which date from approximately the first century BCE to the third or fourth century CE, are the earliest manuscript witnesses to the literature of the Indian Buddhist nik?yas or schools. They preserve texts whose parallels are found in the various Tripi?akas, or what remains of them, preserved in other languages and belonging to various nik?yas, including sections of?gamas such as the Ekottarik?gama and Vana-sa?yutta of the Sa?yutta-nik?ya/Sa?yukt?gama and anthologies of such s?tras, (...) besides many texts that are not generally classed as "canonical", such as commentaries. These very early collections of texts raise questions concerning canon-formation, such as whether the Gandh?ran communities that produced these manuscripts had fixed?gama collections and closed canons or whether this material witnesses a stage in which collections and canons were still relatively fluid and open, and whether these manuscripts, which span several centuries, witness a shift towards fixity. This paper addresses these issues and re-examines our understanding of the formation of the canons of the early Indian nik?yas in light of the new G?ndh?r? manuscript finds. (shrink)

G. de Humboldt (1767-1835), contemporain des grands noms de l'idéalisme et du romantisme allemands, ami de Schiller et de Goethe, de Heyne et de Wolf, fondateur de l'Université de Berlin et acteur dans la politique prussienne, auteur d'une grande philosophie du langage reconnue aussi bien par Cassirer et Heidegger que par Chomsky et constamment citée par les linguistes, n'est plus guère lu et est peu connu en France.G. de Humboldt et la Grèce essaie, sur un exemple particulier, de montrer la (...) complexité et la profondeur d'une pensée authentiquement philosophique et d'en restituer la cohérence. Humboldt en effet, s'il partage l'attrait de l'époque pour la Grèce, se projette cependant, en partant de Kant, un tableau original, qui le distingue de Schiller comme de Hegel. Il tente d'articulermodèle et histoire, de situer le modèle grec, fonctionnant comme analogon, dans le cadre de l'histoire mondiale, en vue d'évaluer la crise de la civilisation et de pressentir l'avenir de l'humanité, celui d'un monde post-chrétien.Un mot condense cette recherche: comprendre. Une tension l'anime: chercher le sens, le sens de l'histoire et la destination de l'homme. Une orientation la caractérise: la voie anthropologique, la formulation d'un discours pensant, dans leur unité, l'action et le sens. A travers l'Antiquité grecque, Humboldt ne vise qu'à élucider la question fondamentale qui le hante: qui sommes-nous? D'où venons-nous, où en sommes-nous, où allons-nous?Ces questions qu'il a posées à son siècle appartiennent toujours à notre actualité. Aussi, en son effort desespéré pour y apporter lumière, Humboldt reste pour nous, en cette fin de siècle, un interpellateur. (shrink)

Allons directement au cœur des analyses que propose G. Sibertin-Blanc des démarches effectuées par Gilles Deleuze et Félix Guattari dans les deux volumes de Capitalisme et schizophrénie, L’Anti-Œdipe (1972) et Mille Plateaux (1980). En marge du « Traité de nomadologie » qui, dans ce dernier ouvrage, donne son thème au douzième plateau, il écrit : « Un phénomène se définit comme nomade dès qu’il produit, « occupe et tient un espace lisse », espace « ouvert ou illimité dans toutes les (...) direction... (shrink)

Le large sujet annoncé par le titre de ce livre laisse entendre, pour qui fréquente un peu la philosophie médiévale, que nous allons être informés des vues les plus récentes sur ce problème que posent les textes philosophiques médiévaux, dont on ne dispose souvent pas d’éditions scientifiques, dont l’édition scientifique ellemême pose problème, textes qui appartiennent à une épistèmè si radicalement différente de la nôtre qu’il est légitime de penser que toute interprétation contemporaine va irrémédiablement en escamoter un caractère essentiel. (...) Ce qui pose, on le devine, le problème de la possibilité de la traduction. Éditer, c’est déjà interpréter. Traduire aussi. N’en déplaise aux éditeurs, l’interprétation est toujours première. Interpréter, éditer, traduire, d’Étienne Gilson à Lambert-Marie de Rijk, de Lambert-Marie De Rijk à Alain de Libera et Claude Panaccio ces questions sont au cœur de l’activité de l’historien de la philosophie médiévale. Cette problématique essentielle n’est, nous le concédons, pas absente de l’ouvrage. J. Brams, C. Burnett, et dans une moindre mesure J. Decorte y font écho. Hélas, en nous laissant une impression de déjà lu. Cette constatation nous mène au cœur du malaise que provoque cet ouvrage. Le lecteur pressé risque de ne pas s’attarder sur les deux pages et dix lignes qui constituent la préface maladroite du livre et de garder ainsi l’impression d’avoir entre les mains les actes d’un colloque scientifique. Qu’il se détrompe! Les textes réunis ici ont été lus à Louvain-la-Neuve lors d’un séminaire de troisième cycle devant une poignée d’étudiants. Autant dire que la plupart des collaborateurs se sont contentés, comme de juste, d’exposer les résultats de travaux déjà anciens. Mais quel est l’intérêt de publier ces textes? (shrink)

One of the central topics in semantic theory over the last few decades concerns the nature of local contexts. Recently, theorists have tried to develop general, non-stipulative accounts of local contexts (Schlenker, 2009; Ingason, 2016; Mandelkern & Romoli, 2017a). In this paper, we contribute to this literature by drawing attention to the local contexts of subclausal expressions. More specifically, we focus on the local contexts of quantificational determiners, e.g. `all', `both', etc. Our central tool for probing the local contexts of (...) subclausal elements is the principle Maximize Presupposition! (Percus, 2006; Singh, 2011). The empirical basis of our investigation concerns some data discussed by Anvari (2018b), e.g. the fact that sentences such as `All of the two presidential candidates are crooked' are unacceptable. In order to explain this, we suggest that the local context of determiners needs to contain the information carried by their restrictor. However, no existing non-stipulative account predicts this. Consequently, we think that the local contexts of subclausal expressions will likely have to be stipulated. This result has important consequences for debates in semantics and pragmatics, e.g. those around the so-called "explanatory problem" for dynamic semantics (Soames, 1982; Heim, 1990; Schlenker, 2009). (shrink)

La parution récente en français du livre de M. Denton : “Evolution. Une théorie en crise” , qui traite des theories explicatives actuelles de l'évolution, nous amine à rappeler les caracteres généraux des grandes theories biologiques et à présenter une critique sommaire du livre en question.La science West pas une simple accumulation de connaissances. Le scientifique ne doit pas se contenter de decrire et de mesurer des faits. Son but eat d'essayer de les relier et de construire des théories qui (...) tentent de nous faire comprendre le “reel”, objet de ses recherches.Cependant, la nature du matériel biologique — c'est-à-dire les espèces vivantes et les catégories qu'on y a reconnues, classe ou ordre par exemple — est si complexe qua la biologie actuelle est fort loin encore Wavoir réalisé une synthèse qui ressemble, méme très approximativement, à la classification de Mendéleiev pour les éléments chimiques.Malgré cette complexité, les biologques ont réussi à construire la th6orie du fait de l'evolution et ils proposent aujourd'hui une théorie explicative de cette évolution qui, bien qua critiquée, est incontestablement bien étayee. Nous allons essayer de définir la structure des grandes théories biologiques; ensuite nous analyserons sommairement quelques-unes des critiques qui sont adressees aux theories de l'évolution.Considering the publication in French version of Michael Denton's book, Evolution : A Theory in crisis , in which he critizes the synthetical theory of the biological evolution, we thought it useful to point out the main errors of argumentation contained in that book by first referring to the characteristics of general biological theories.In biology, there exist elementary theories - such as that dealing with the extinction of giant Reptiles - and general theories - such as the chromosomic theory of heredity and the explanatory theory of evolution. The latter generally consist of a group of elementary theories imbricated so that they form a whole like a jig-saw puzzle. An example is provided by the synthetic theory of evolution that can be defined in 20 propositions divided into two categories : the propositions relating to the naturalists' observations - which correspond to descriptive concepts - and those relating to the data of the population genetics - which correspond to explanatory concepts . The general scheme of the theory is formed by a network of relations between the descriptive concepts and the explanatory concepts. There also exist other theories in general biology supported by thousands of minor facts which only together can be of proof of validity. These theories are quite reliable and cannot be questioned by facts still to be explained. Questioning can only happen if they are confronted to well-established data in nearly equal numbers.In his work, Denton does not deny the phenomenon of biological evolution, but he criticizes the syntheticians' ideas by emphasizing that no great evolutive changes can be accounted for by the complex mechanism of random mutations and selection. He goes back to a typological concept of the zoological classification in some way similar to that of Vialleton's. However, Denton agrees with the phenomenon of the biological evolution and accepts the existence of "saltations" among the great zoological groups. The arguments used by Denton merely show that he is not conversant with the complexity of sciences particularly in comparative anatomy and zoology, the teaching of which is being somehow neglected today.By giving as an example the structure of the aortic arches in Amphibians and by a summary of the variations of those structures and the evolution of the blood-circulation in Vertebrates, we proved that the typological argument is of no value. As a matter of fact, a study of the now living beings clearly shows the gradual transition - e.g. a transition by a very large number of feasible stages - from the Lower Vertebrates to the Higher Vertebrates. In particular, there have been several attempts at double circulation and there still exist many species in which the blood of the double circulation is mixed. It seems therefore obvious that the double circulation has been achieved, stage by stage, with many intermediate schemes; we are inclined, therefore, to conclude that this succession of small transformations was produced by a huge mechanism of selected small mutations.Our present-day biological knowledge includes a number of examples large enough to consider the “argument of the impossible” used by Denton is due to inadequate fossil data and not to any mysterious mechanism such as macromutations. Let us say again that the typological structures seem to occur only when the data of comparative anatomy and zoology are over-simplified. (shrink)

2011 Reprint of 1943 Edition. Full facsimile of the original edition, not reproduced with Optical Recognition Software. "St. Thomas Aquinas" is enriched by the author's unique ability to see the world through the saint's eyes, a fresh and animated view that shows us Aquinas as no other biography has. Acclaimed as the best book ever written on Aquinas by such outstanding Thomists as Jacques Maritain, Etienne Gilson, and Anton Pegis, this brilliant biography will completely capture the reader and leave him (...) desirous of reading Aquinas' own monumental work. (shrink)

Intentionality in Interaction revisits some of the classical questions to be found in the original programme for second-personal studies as established in Thompson's 2001 JCS issue and sheds new light on them, witnessing the evolving dynamics of such a programme over the last decade. The contributions in this issue approach the questions of how persons share intentions, emotions, and experiences, of how interaction is shaped by and transforms affection, emotion, and cognition, and of how such interactions develop over time and (...) provide important insights into the development of human capacities in general, both in normal and pathological cases. In this introduction, we situate the special issue in the context of social cognition in general and second-personal studies in particular. We propose an outline of a new framework to approach questions regarding interaction and its development and evolution, a framework based on a novel understanding of interaction in terms of engagement between persons. (shrink)

This volume contains papers that represent Leibniz’s early thoughts on the problem of evil, centering on a dialogue, the Confessio philosophi, in which he formulates a general account of God’s relation to sin and evil that becomes a fixture in his thinking. How can God be understood to be the ultimate cause, asks Leibniz, without God being considered as the author of sin, a conclusion incompatible with God’s holiness? Leibniz’s attempts to justify the way of God to humans lead him (...) to deep discussion of related topics: the nature of free choice, the problems of necessitarianism and fatalism, the nature of divine justice and holiness. All but one of the writings presented here are available in English for the first time. (shrink)

Cf. Jardine 1974a, p. 29; chapter 6 is 'an elegant account of developments in late scholastic debating exercises' (Jardine 1974b, 33). Cited Van den Burgh, 126 n. 95 re Grotius's method. cit. Mancosu 1996, 232 n. 39.

Volume 20, Issue 2, February 2020, Page 20-22.

Challenging the assumption that the concept of divine action is necessarily paradoxical, on the grounds that God is radically transcendent of finitude, or can perform only a master act of creating and sustaining the universe, Frank Kirkpatrick defends as philosophically credible the Christian conviction that God is a personal Agent who also acts in particular historical moments to further the divine intention of fostering universal community. Kirkpatrick claims that God and the world are distinct realities "together bound" in a mutual (...) relationship of reciprocal historical action. In this relationship, God both acts upon and responds to human beings in specific moments in their history. The implications of this claim for understanding the biblical narrative, the problem of evil, cosmological theories, and the realism of Christian community are pursued. (shrink)

We explore three questions about Earth system modeling that are of both scientific and philosophical interest: What kind of understanding can be gained via complex Earth system models? How can the limits of understanding be bypassed or managed? How should the task of evaluating Earth system models be conceptualized?